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Long Exposure Zoom tail lights on the Blue Ridge Parkway

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Are brand power dynamics shifting in the US EV market?

The first half of 2025 saw Tesla at the top of the US electric vehicle (EV) landscape. However, domestic rivals and European brands are moving upwards to meet it. Autovista24 web editor James Roberts explores the data. EV sales in the US, consisting of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), increased by 3.7% between January and June 2025. A total of 744,740 plug-in vehicles took to US roads in this period, according to the latest data from EV Volumes. Breaking down the six-month EV total, battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) captured a 76.3% share, down from its 77.9% market hold 12 months prior. PHEVs made up 23.7% of overall volumes, up 1.6pp year on year. Tesla EV dominance subsiding? The Tesla Model Y and Model 3 drove the brand’s dominance of the US EV market in the first half of 2025. Aside from its two flagship models, Tesla’s BEV offering includes the Cybertruck, the Model X, and the Model S. Despite its established vehicle portfolio, the first six months of 2025 saw Tesla’s sales in the US slide by 14% year on year. This translates to a sizeable 6.7 percentage point (pp) drop in market share compared with 2024. The carmaker’s Model Y and Model 3 were responsible for 224,000 sales in the period. That amounted to 92.4% of Tesla’s deliveries in the country. However, these combined sales were down 10.2% year on year. Additionally, sales of the Model X and Model S have tailed off in 2025. Between January and June 2024, the Model S saw 7,600 deliveries. Fast forward 12 months, and that volume has fallen to 3,288. The decline of sales in Tesla’s two vanguard models reflects a wider decline across its portfolio. Despite a strong model range, the company’s once iron grip on the US market has weakened in 2025. EV market ascendency At the halfway point of 2025, Jeep commanded second in the US EV brand top 10. However, the Stellantis-owned carmaker saw its market share fall by 0.3pp, with 52,950 sales equating to a drop of 0.7%. Most of the brands' EV deliveries came from its PHEVs. Combined, the Jeep Grand Cherokee and Jeep Wrangler accounted for 46,677 sales six months into 2025. However, this equated to a year-on-year drop of 12.4% for the two models. Chevrolet enjoyed a year-on-year sales surge of 131.2% between January and June. The US brand slotted into third with 46,047 vehicles leaving dealerships. This provided Chevrolet with the biggest gain in the top 10. Part of this success was down to the carmaker’s varied range. Chevrolet’s EV portfolio includes models such as the Silverado, Bolt, Blazer, and Equinox. So far this year, the latter model’s performance looks to have driven the company’s EV presence. EV market inertia Ranking fourth in the top 10 EV sellers, Ford’s EV progress slowed, despite its varied model offering. The marque recorded a 0.5% year-on-year improvement with 41,321 plug-in units sold. However, due to increased market competition, its share dropped by 0.2pp. Another brand to record a decline was Hyundai in sixth. It witnessed a year-on-year sales slump of 4.8% to 31,321 units. This meant its market share dropped by 0.4pp to 4.2%. Toyota followed in seventh. It endured a 9.4% sales drop to 28,230 units. This equated to a 0.5pp year-on-year decline in market share to 3.8%. The biggest EV brand decline in the US was witnessed by Kia. Ranking ninth in the first half, its sales slumped by 33.6% year on year to 24,052 units. One factor was the performance of its EV6 and EV9 BEVs, with combined deliveries falling by 47.5% to 10,813 units. European brands on the rise Amid the mix of prosperity, decline and stagnation within the US EV market, some European brands enjoyed a positive first half. BMW recorded 37,148 electric vehicle sales in the country. This marked a 25.3% year-on-year upswing. It also brought the brand’s market share to 5%, a 0.9pp jump. Key to this success were the gains made by BMW’s plug-in hybrids. The brand recorded 12,516 PHEV sales in the first half, up by 157.9% year on year. While it moved a greater volume of BEVs at 24,632 units, this was down by 0.6% in the US. In eighth, Mercedes-Benz reached 27,427 units, translating to an impressive 35.3% year-on-year sales boost. With this, the carmaker extended its market share by 0.9pp to 3.7% six months into the year. Volvo rounded out the EV top 10 in the US. In the first six months of the year, the brand enjoyed a 10.5% upswing in sales to 20,595 units. Strong performances from its BEV and PHEVs helped it to secure a 2.8% EV market share, up 0.2pp.

American Made Electric Vehicles

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Which models led the US EV market in the first half of 2025?

Electric vehicle (EV) sales increased in the US across the first half of 2025. A familiar domestic carmaker commanded the battery-electric vehicle (BEV) market, but were its competitors able to gain ground? Autovista24 web editor James Roberts investigates. In the first half of 2025, 568,238 BEVs were sold in the US, according to data from EV Volumes. This equated to a year-on-year increase of 1.6%. Up 1% year on year, 108,814 BEVs were delivered in June. This marked the largest monthly volume in the first six months of 2025. It also signalled a return to growth, following year-on-year declines in April and May. PHEV sales grew by 11.1% compared to the first half of 2025, with 176,502 units hitting the roads. In June, deliveries of PHEV saw notable growth, increasing by 16.8% to 27,198 units. However, this was the second-lowest volume in the first half of the year. Tesla dominates first half of 2025 The Tesla Model Y completed the first six months of 2025 head and shoulders above its competition. A total of 157,000 sales gave the model a 27.6% market share. Following in second, the Tesla Model 3 saw 67,000 sales between January and June. This equated to an 11.8% market share. Third place in the standings went to the burgeoning Chevrolet Equinox. In total, 27,749 units reached customers in the US, meaning a 4.9% market share. Meanwhile, 21,785 sales were enough to put the Ford Mach-E in fourth with a 3.8% market share. The Hyundai Ioniq 5 followed in fifth with 19,092 vehicles reaching US customers, while the resurgent Honda Prologue claimed sixth. It captured a 2.9% market share and moved 16,317 units. Ford snatched seventh with the F-150 Lightning reaching 13,029 sales. Thanks to record deliveries in March, the BMW i4 was the eighth best-selling BEV in the US between January and June. The German-built saloon saw 12,849, giving it a 2.3% share of the market. Tesla tops June’s US BEV chart Tesla has firmly cemented itself at the head of the US BEV market. Despite some well-documented headwinds, this trend continued in June with record results. EV Volumes data shows that the Model Y held the top spot in the US, with 36,000 sales. This data reveals that June saw the highest volume since the model entered the market in March 2020. The result boosted the Model Y to a 9.1% year-on-year increase, alongside a 33.1% share of the BEV market. This was a 2.5 percentage point (pp) gain on June 2024. In an established trend, its Tesla stablemate, the Model 3 followed in second. The sedan recorded an 18.8% year-on-year increase in June, with 19,000 units reaching customers. This equated to a 17.5% slice of the BEV marketplace. Since its first recorded sales in July 2017, the Model 3 has seen 1,156,023 units hit US roads. Tesla remains the only manufacturer with a double-digit BEV market share. Combined Model Y and Model 3 sales amounted to just over half of the entire US BEV market in June. Despite this dominance, competitors appeared to be making inroads. GM makes BEV gains Chevrolet enjoyed a strong June. The US carmaker’s Equinox model has proved an increasingly popular all-electric choice with customers. With 5,954 sales, it emerged as the third best-selling BEV in the month. Year-on-year comparisons flatter the figures as the model was only released in May 2024. However, a comparative 584.9% increase in sales and a 5.5% market share are not to be ignored. June was the highest volume month in the first half of the year for the Equinox. However, the model has kept a consistent sales pace so far in 2025, following a peak of 7,097 sales in November 2024. Alongside Chevrolet’s model, only two others enjoyed year-on-year increases in June. Relative newcomer, the Honda Prologue ended up fifth in June’s BEV rankings. It moved 2,799 units, a 237.2% year-on-year boost, claiming 2.6% of the US BEV market. Since launching in April 2024, the carmaker has sold 49,344 of these models. Fellow Japanese brand Nissan emerged in ninth with its Ariya. Since debuting in December 2022, the model has sold steadily. However, the second quarter of 2025 saw momentum increase. In June, 2,003 units meant a 9.9% year-on-year boost, plus a 1.8% market share, 0.1pp up on June 2024. Brand doldrums Despite a strong showing in the top 10 during June, some major players witnessed noticeable year-on-year declines. The Hyundai Ioniq 5 ended up in fourth with 3,172 vehicles reaching customers in the US. This marked a significant 15.5% downshift in sales, and with it, a 0.6pp fall in market share to 2.9%. Notably, the model is produced in the US, meaning some shelter from tariffs. Ford also endured declining fortunes in June. The Mustang Mach-E came in sixth with 2,527 sales. This signalled a year-on-year decline of 27.7%, as well as a slip in market share of 0.9pp to 2.3%. Sitting one place behind the Mach-E in seventh was its Ford stablemate, the F-150 Lightning. It also witnessed a double-digit year-on-year drop in sales. Delivering 2,200 units, this underlined a 13.8% decline compared with June 2024. The Rivian R1S followed in eighth. The US-built BEV recorded 2,100 sales, down 24.2% year on year. The company lowered its sales guidance in May, as despite being US-based, the carmaker is not immune to tariffs. In contrast to its General Motors (GM) sibling, the Equinox, the Chevrolet Blazer saw a slump in June. It rounded out the top 10 with 1,986 sales in June, a 23.7% year-on-year fall. Model variety in PHEV mix In the first half of 2025, the top PHEV spot was claimed by the Jeep Wrangler. It recorded 23,491 sales, taking a 13.3% market share. In an ongoing battle, the Jeep Grand Cherokee was 305 units behind, and lagging in market share by just 0.2pp. June marked a low point for the Toyota RAV4. It managed 633 sales, its worst performance since its first US deliveries in September 2020. However, it was able to hold on to third in the first half PHEV standings, taking a 6.4% market share. Swerving ongoing tariff uncertainty, several European models enjoyed a strong showing in the US PHEV top 10. In fourth, the Mercedes-Benz GLC recorded 9,643 deliveries with a 5.5% grip on the market. The BMW X5 was not far behind in fifth with 9,545 deliveries and a 5.4% share. In eighth, the Volvo XC60’s 7,181 sales accounted for 4.1% of the US PHEV market in the first half. Taking 10th, the Mercedes-Benz GLE PHEV held a 3.7% market share, marking up 6,507 deliveries. Jeep drives to top of US PHEV market One popular PHEV in the US, the Jeep Wrangler, did not emerge as the best-seller in June. For the first time since March, that honour went to its Stellantis stablemate, the Jeep Grand Cherokee. It reached 4,039 unit sales, marking a 176.6% year-on-year improvement. However, ranking second with 3,971 units, the Jeep Wrangler endured mixed fortunes. This total equated to a 22.5% drop in volumes from 12 months ago. Its market share dipped 7.4pp, to 14.6%. European PHEVs impress The Mercedes-Benz GLC secured third in the monthly PHEV top 10, having first recorded sales in July 2024. June helped consolidate impressive growth in 2025. The German model secured a record 2,227 deliveries, confirming an 8.2% market share. The BMW X5 claimed fourth with 1,750 units leaving US showrooms. This underlined an impressive 400% year-on-year growth. The triple-digit increase is significant for the latest generation, with volumes growing over the last year. The Volvo XC90 came in fifth in June’s PHEV rankings with 1,300 sales, down 5.1% year-on-year. Accordingly, its market share fell by 0.9pp to 4.8%. While the XC90’s appeal seems to be wavering in the US, its sister, the XC60, is growing in popularity. It ended up ninth in June’s PHEV rankings with a 4.4% market share, up 0.3pp. With 1,200 units sold, it saw a sizeable 26.3% year-on-year increase. The Ford Escape took seventh with 1,263 units sold in June. This equated to a 114.4% year-on-year upswing, helping push the vehicle’s market share up to 4.6%. Eighth was claimed by the Toyota Prius with 1,263 deliveries, making up 4.6% of all PHEV sales in the US.

EV driving at night

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VW tops European EV market as overall demand rises

Electric vehicle (EV) deliveries surged across Europe in the first quarter of 2025, with Volkswagen (VW) reclaiming the top spot in the best-seller rankings. Autovista24 journalist Tom Hooker breaks down the latest data. A total of 847,591 EVs took to European roads in the first quarter of 2025, an increase of 20% year on year. This equated to a gain of 141,543 battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) compared to the first three months of 2024. The growth was mainly driven by all-electric powertrains, which saw registrations surge by 28%. According to the latest data from EV Volumes, March was the plug-in market’s best month, with deliveries rising by 22.3%. Strong growth was also recorded in January, up 20.7%, while February saw the lowest increase of 16.2%. BEVs continued to account for the majority of EV registrations, and its hold on the market grew in the first quarter, compared to one year prior. The technology made up 68.3% of the plug-in total from January to March, up 4.3 percentage points (pp) year on year. This meant the share of PHEVs dropped from 36% to 31.7%. Germany led Europe’s EV market in the first three months of 2025, accounting for 20.7% of all deliveries. The UK followed closely, just 1,761 units behind, with a 20.5% share. France ranked third with 11.3%, while Belgium and the Netherlands claimed 6% and 5.7% respectively. VW takes EV lead VW emerged as Europe’s best-selling brand in the first quarter of 2025, thanks to 94,273 units. This was the carmaker’s highest-ever volume in a quarter. It also marked an increase of 161.2% year on year. The carmaker took an 11.1% share of plug-in volumes from January to March, an improvement of 6pp. The ID.3, ID.4 and ID.7 were VW’s best-performing models, with the trio accounting for 60% of the marque's total. BMW secured second, reaching 78,896 deliveries, up 12.3% year on year. It made up 9.3% of the market, down from 9.9%. The BMW iX1 proved popular in this period, with 14,379 registrations. The brand was also helped by good performances from its X1 and 5-Series PHEV models, with 7,992 and 7,019 units respectively. Poor EV performances Mercedes-Benz came next with 58,152 units, down 8.1% compared to the first quarter of 2024. It also equated to its lowest quarterly figure since the second quarter of 2023. This caused the carmaker’s market share to fall from 9% to 6.9%. Its EQA SUV performed particularly well, posting 10,834 deliveries. Tesla ranked fourth, with registrations falling 37.3% year on year to 54,233 units. This gave the brand a 6.4% market share, nearly half of the 12.2% it held a year earlier. This marked its lowest quarterly total since the third quarter of 2022. However, its Model Y and Model 3 still topped Europe’s BEV market, with 30,407 and 23,388 units respectively. Volvo finished fifth, with 49,923 deliveries in the first quarter. This was a drop of 12.3% compared to the first three months of 2024, its worst performance since the fourth quarter of 2023. The manufacturer represented 5.9% of overall EV registrations, down by 2.2pp compared to one year ago. Its XC60 PHEV enjoyed a good start to the year, reaching 14,817 registrations. Audi claimed sixth with 44,101 units. This represented a 7.7% decline year on year, as its share also fell from 6.8% to 5.2%. The Q4 e-tron was a popular choice among customers, recording 17,164 deliveries. Cupra is coming Cupra secured seventh place with a record 39,106 registrations in the first quarter of 2025, a remarkable 124.6% increase year on year. The brand captured 4.6% of the total EV market, up 2.1 percentage points from 2024. The Cupra Born BEV performed especially well early in the quarter, recording 11,171 units between January and February. Then came Kia in eighth, with 37,624 deliveries, up 13.8%. However, due to increasing competition, its share dropped from 4.7% to 4.4%. The EV3 boosted the marque’s volume significantly, making up 48.7% of its total. Skoda landed ninth, as it saw 35,946 new EV models take to the road. This was a 105.3% improvement compared to the same period last year, giving it a 1.7pp increase in market share to 4.2%. Its Enyaq commanded the performance, representing 55.3% of the brand's plug-in total. Meanwhile, the Elroq, which entered the market in November 2024, recorded 6,531 registrations. The Skoda Kodiaq PHEV also helped, with 6,336 deliveries. Rounding out the top 10 was Renault, trailing Skoda by just 379 units. It posted 35,567 deliveries across the first three months of 2025. This was a year-on-year increase of 90% and marked the brand’s best quarterly period since the fourth quarter of 2022. The carmaker represented 4.2% of the overall EV market, up from 2.7%. The Renault 5, which began registrations in June 2024, made up 52.2% of the manufacturer’s total volume.

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The Automotive Update: What is the automotive cost of Trump’s tariffs?

Trump’s automotive tariffs take effect, the EU Commission submits its CO2 emissions proposal, and carmakers face hefty fines. Autovista24 editor Tom Geggus discusses the week’s major automotive headlines in The Automotive Update podcast. How are carmakers responding to Trump’s tariffs? Why were manufacturers and industry bodies fined in the EU and UK? What major electric vehicle (EV) charging companies have entered into a partnership? Subscribe to the Autovista24 podcast and listen to previous episodes on Spotify, Apple and Amazon Music. Further Trump tariffs US President Donald Trump announced wide-ranging global tariffs on goods entering the US. Rates stretched between 10% and 50% for different countries. Economic forecasts were hit hard as fears of a recession driven by higher prices took hold. Following the introduction of the tariffs, businesses and consumers are looking to leaders around the world for their reactions. The potential of retaliatory tariffs hangs in the balance as the global economy braces itself for an escalating trade war. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen called the tariffs ‘a major blow to the world economy.’ She did highlight a readiness for negotiations with the US. However, a package of countermeasures is currently in the works in response to steel tariffs. ‘We are now preparing for further countermeasures to protect our interests and our businesses if negotiations fail,’ Von der Leyen added. Tariffs cost automotive manufacturers Tariffs on vehicles imported into the US came into effect on Thursday. Cars made outside of the country are now subject to duties of 25%. Further tariffs on parts and components, such as engines and transmissions, are set to begin in early May. The tariffs will cover more than $460 billion (€416 billion) worth of imported vehicles and parts annually, Reuters wrote. These tariffs will have a range of impacts on different vehicles, according to the Anderson Economic Group. The lowest impacted models made in the US might see a tariff cost of between $2,500 and $4,500. Meanwhile, imported cars from Europe and Asia could see a potential tariff cost exceeding $20,000. ‘We are deeply concerned about the escalation of trade tensions in the world,’ said Sigrid de Vries, director general of ACEA. ‘We urge our leaders to meet urgently so that they can find a solution to any issues preventing free and fair trade between historic allies and allow the EU-US relationship to flourish once again,’ she stated. Stellantis plans to temporarily halt some production in Canada and Mexico, as reported by Bloomberg. The carmaker plans to lay off 900 US workers temporarily across five plants, Reuters revealed. The publication also highlighted that Nissan will not take new US orders for its Mexico-built Infiniti SUVs. Meanwhile, Ford announced discounts across its model range as it relied on its sizeable inventory. EU emission regulations The European Commission has submitted its amendment to the CO2 emission standards for passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles. This looks to allow carmakers to average out their emission results for three years, across 2025, 2026, and 2027. For example, if a carmaker exceeds its emission targets in one year, it could look to compensate for this in the other two. ‘We call on the European Parliament and Council to ensure the fast adoption of this amendment,’ stated de Vries. Meanwhile, Transport and Environment (T&E) called the concessions a mistake, pointing to rising sales of battery-electric vehicles in Europe. ‘The EV sales rebound shows that the existing EU target is working. Require carmakers to sell more EVs, and the buyers will come. It is a mistake to change the rules in the middle of the game. This must be the last flexibility carmakers are given,’ commented Julia Poliscanova, senior director for vehicles and e-mobility supply chains at T&E. Carmaker cartel fined The European Commission and the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) have fined carmakers for participating in an end-of-life-vehicle-recycling cartel. The European Commission fined 15 car manufacturers and ACEA a total of roughly €458 million. Meanwhile, the CMA fined 10 car manufacturers and two trade bodies a total of £77.7 million for similar conduct. In its investigation, the European Commission found that, for over 15 years, carmakers had entered into anti-competitive agreements and engaged in practices related to the recycling of end-of-life vehicles. European charging body formed European EV charging companies Atlante, Electra, Fastned and Ionity have partnered to create the Spark Alliance. This body looks to develop a seamless charging network, simplifying the charging experience and making EV ownership easier than ever. Starting this summer, drivers will be able to charge and pay at any one of Spark Alliance’s 1,700 member stations. This means access to 11,000 charging points across 25 European countries.

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The Automotive Update: Trump tariff to take effect worldwide

US President Donald Trump confirms a 25% vehicle import tariff, carmakers make production gains, and Changan expands its European presence. Autovista24 journalist Tom Hooker explores the week’s biggest automotive news stories in The Automotive Update podcast. Which carmakers will be hit hardest by Trump’s automotive import tariffs? How has Europe reacted? Which carmaker is starting production of a much-anticipated future model direction? These questions are answered in the latest edition of The Automotive Update. Subscribe to the Autovista24 podcast and listen to previous episodes on Spotify, Apple and Amazon Music. Major automotive tariff announced US President Donald Trump announced a 25% tariff on all cars and light-commercial vehicles imported into the country. This additional duty will come into effect on 3 April 2025, as reported by Reuters. It will act in addition to the base tariff rate of 2.5% for automotive imports. The 25% duties will also apply to engines and engine parts, transmissions and powertrain components, as well as electrical parts. These tariffs could be implemented up to a month later, however, this will be no later than 3 May. Volvo, Audi, and Mercedes-Benz stated they will relocate parts of their production, according to Reuters. Other companies have stated they intend to raise prices. Domestic manufacturers, such as General Motors and Ford, could also be impacted. These tariffs could unsettle the global supply chain, raise list prices, create consumer uncertainty, and lead to potential job losses. The news resulted in most automotive stocks falling. On Thursday afternoon, General Motors and Ford suffered 7% and 3% share slumps respectively. However, Tesla’s stock grew by around 5%, Reuters stated. Tariff backlash The news has been met with a significant backlash from global leaders, carmakers, and industry bodies. EU Commission President Ursula Von Der Leyen said: ‘The automotive industry is a driver of innovation, competitiveness, and high-quality jobs, through deeply integrated supply chains on both sides of the Atlantic. As I have said before, tariffs are taxes are bad for businesses, worse for consumers equally in the US and the European Union.’ Robert Habeck, Germany’s economy minister, stated ‘what counts now is to have a firm response to these tariffs from the EU’ and that ‘it needs to be clear that we will not take this lying down.’ Meanwhile, French President Emmanuel Macron highlighted that ‘Trump asked Europe to spend more on defence, so it is not coherent to impose tariffs on us.’ The UK’s chancellor of the exchequer, Rachel Reeves, commented ‘trade wars are no good for anyone’. Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney said ‘we will defend our workers, we will defend our companies, we will defend our country, and we will defend it together.’ Carmakers’ tariff reaction Volkswagen stressed that ‘the entire automotive industry, global supply chains and companies, as well as customers, will have to bear the negative consequences.’ BMW stated that ‘both sides should therefore promptly find a transatlantic deal that creates growth and prevents a spiral of isolation and trade barriers.’ ACEA’s director general, Sigrid de Vries, urged the US to consider the negative impact of tariffs, not only on global carmakers but on domestic manufacturing as well. In Germany, the VDA said the tariffs are a fatal signal for free and rules-based trade. In the UK, SMMT chief executive Mike Hawes commented that the ‘announcement by President Trump is not surprising but disappointing if, as seems likely, additional tariffs are to apply to UK-made cars.’ Major new production facilities Hyundai Motor Group’s Metaplant America opened its doors this week. The vehicle assembly and battery production plant is the main focus of the OEM’s $12.6 billion (€11.6 billion) investment in Georgia. It will produce up to 500,000 Hyundai, Kia and Genesis electric and hybrid vehicles each year. The group has also committed an additional investment of $21 billion over the next four years. BMW has begun production of its Neue Klasse in Debrecen, Hungary. The first model of the new generation, the iX3, has been produced as a test vehicle at the site since November 2024. Processes and systems can now be optimised for around six months before the switch from pre-series to series production. BMW says the Neue Klasse opens up new possibilities in vehicle assembly. This includes ‘more efficiency thanks to modularisation and fewer different connecting elements.’ Changan to enter Europe Electric vehicle (EV) manufacturer Changan has announced plans to enter 10 European markets in 2025, as revealed by Reuters. The Chinese carmaker showcased its Deepal S07, an electric SUV that starts at €45,000 at an event in Germany this week. The model is the brand’s first model designed specifically for the European market. Changan said it will launch the SUV Deepal S07 in Norway, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands from April. The UK will see the launch in June as well as additional markets. The manufacturer said its Deepal S05 model will also launch later this year, followed by the Changan E07 by early 2026. Changan added that it also plans to sell hybrid cars in Europe from 2026. Additional plans include a European sales and services network, with more than 1,000 dealerships. Vehicles sold in Europe will come from its production plants in China and Thailand.