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Are private buyers driving Germany’s new-car market forward? 

With another month of new-car registrations growth in Germany, one force appears to be driving the market forward. But how are powertrains and brands performing in the country? Tom Hooker, Autovista24 journalist, explores the figures.  Deliveries of new cars in Germany rose by 2.7% year on year in April, reaching 249,163 units. According to KBA data, private buyers helped drive this growth. Registrations in this sector climbed by 8.2% to 88,182 units.   However, private buyers […]
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The Automotive Update: What fleets learnt about electromobility at Flotte

Fleets flocked to Flotte in Germany, with industry experts taking to the stage to share vital insights. Autovista24 editor Tom Geggus finds out what happened at the event in the latest Automotive Update podcast. In this episode, Dr Christof Engelskirchen, chief economist and director of professional services, Europe, JD Power, shared his Flotte insights. This includes electrification, the role of fleets, and the opportunities and risks for these businesses. Subscribe to the Autovista24 podcast and listen to previous episodes on Spotify, Apple and Amazon Music. Fleets and Flotte Taking place between 25 and 26 March in Düsseldorf, Germany, Flotte welcomes Germany’s fleet industry experts and decision makers. Among them was a team from JD Power, including Dr Christof Engelskirchen, who gave a presentation at Flotte. His session was titled ‘E-mobility in the headwinds – fleets as a beacon of hope and risk factor’. Speaking with Autovista24 editor Tom Geggus, he outlined some of the major points from this presentation. Of all the topics that could be presented to a room full of fleet professionals, one stood out: electrification. Fleets play an important role in the push towards electric vehicles, while the technology presents big risks and opportunities. Fleets behind the steering wheel In major EU new-car markets, electrification continues to be a subject in the headlights. Battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) currently make up under 30% of new-car registrations in each of Germany, France, Italy and Spain, according to ACEA. ‘That is a long way to go when you consider what the EU has been prescribing, which used to be a 100% tailpipe CO2 emission reduction by 2035 and is now becoming a 90% reduction,’ Engelskirchen said. ‘So, we have that gap that needs to be bridged.’ One of the biggest markets in the region, contributing heavily to the powertrain development, is Germany. With a large fleet industry making a significant proportion of registrations, these businesses will be vital to electrification. Weighing things up at Flotte There are sizeable opportunities for fleets within this transformation. Engelskirchen outlined that one of the biggest opportunities is the additional volume that is running through leasing companies and banks. Other buyers, such as private consumers and other companies, may not want to hold BEV asset risks. But this is not a result of disliking the powertrain. It is because it is not their core business to manage asset risks. Instead, this is the business of banks and leasing companies, Engelskirchen outlined. Leasing companies are now shifting their portfolios from what was 95% internal-combustion engine vehicles towards a greater balance. By 2035, it is conceivable that these fleets will have changed massively in favour of BEVs. However, this transition brings about its own risks. ‘You do need to get your head around the different residual value and depreciation profiles of electric vehicles. It is very dynamic,’ said Engelskirchen. ‘It certainly requires additional variables to consider in your risk management.’
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How AI, data and telematics are transforming commercial vehicle fleet operations

Commercial fleets have access to more accurate data, stronger system integration, and advanced artificial intelligence (AI) applications. How exactly will this improve efficiency and enhance fleet decisions? Autovista24 journalist Tom Hooker investigates. The face of global light-commercial vehicle (LCV) fleets is changing rapidly and becoming increasingly technological. Today, fleets have multiple data points, software systems and AI tools at their disposal. At this year’s Commercial Fleets Summit 2026, industry experts focused on the different ways these technologies can benefit businesses. This ranged from enabling predictive maintenance to AI-based driver coaching. However, unless developments like these actually resolve key fleet concerns, they will remain inconsequential. So, can a more connected fleet really improve on important metrics such as return on investment (ROI), productivity and uptime? Fleet productivity and the wider ecosystem For some, the future of connected fleets is about much more than the vehicle itself. ‘Today is not about having the best van. It is about having the integration of the whole system,’ explained Jeronimo Saiz, head of fleet operations at Kia Europe. ‘You need to look at not only purchasing the van, but also having the telematics, a fantastic upfit and the best financing partner. It is a huge advantage. You are going to save money with energy consumption, route planning, how and where you service the vehicle, and how you forecast,’ he added. From left to right: Ben Varey, commercial fleet expert at Nexus Communication. Jeronimo Saiz, head of fleet operations at Kia Europe. Thomas Herzog, head of key account management international, MAN Truck & Bus AG. Thomas Unger, chief marketing officer at Sortimo. Steven Schoefs, head of strategic relations at Nexus Communication For this advantage to come to fruition, fleet connectivity across the whole ecosystem is vital. Telematics partners, maintenance partners, and the vehicle itself all need to work together. However, for many, that potential is yet to be realised. ‘Most of the large fleets are not yet fully connected. We are not getting the very best out of what we could. Connectivity, together with AI, should drive savings, more efficiency and better fleet management,’ projected Saiz. Yet any advantages may not just appear in the balance sheet. With the help of AI, a more connected LCV fleet may present other material benefits. ‘When you talk about normal wear and tear, this is what I think could be the biggest advantage of AI, to reduce [unnecessary] stops,’ highlighted Thomas Herzog, head of key account management international, MAN Truck & Bus AG. ‘Yes, we make revenue in our workshops. But if we can reduce it and help to have the van only stop working once per year, then that is beneficial for all of us,’ he added. ‘What we are facing is the chance with AI to escape from routine work and daily routines to have more time and capacity to interact with customers.’ AI agents in fleets Some of the most advanced fleets are using AI to help operations. However, the effectiveness of these agents is still reliant on data from the field. ‘How do we see fleet management in the future? At the centre, there should be an AI agent that brings the data of various systems together,’ stated Fabian Seithel, associate vice president of sales and business development EMEA at Geotab. Fabian Seithel, associate vice president of sales and business development EMEA at Geotab ‘Today, data is siloed far too much. That makes it very difficult for AI to act. A lot of it depends on input. So, the future should be an AI agent acting independently but supervised by a fleet manager who sets the tone for the agent,’ he commented. A clear shift This marks a clear shift away from using multiple telematic systems and towards more unified and automated operations. ‘Telematics started with track and trace a long time ago. Then it moved to data extraction: I want to know the fuel level [of a van in my fleet] or a fault code. But now, we are in the AI-powered phase,’ Seithel said. These systems can observe, plan, act and evaluate. For fleets, this means they can identify a problem, decide what to do and trigger the next step. Seithel cited maintenance as a clear example, outlining Geotab’s analysis of data from 5.8 million vehicles. The aim was to understand breakdown patterns and engine faults, providing an actionable risk model for fleets. ‘So, we quantify the risk of breakdown, such as 50%, then a fleet can use those predictions. Some fleets are more risk averse then others. For example, maybe in December, a delivery fleet takes the risk of a 50% breakdown to get as many parcels out as possible. We cannot drive the decision, but we can quantify the risk and explain it using contextual data,’ he explained. Another use case presented was a video-based AI coach. Observing driver behaviour, the coach could give instructions in real-time. For example, it can suggest removing a distraction or taking a break. Goldmine of fleet data Some experts argued that a major issue commercial fleets face is getting concrete value from multiple data points. ‘Every fleet is sitting on a goldmine of data. The issue we have across the industry is getting the value out. That data is a challenge for us, because the industry keeps calling what we call faster clipboards,’ said Danielle Walsh, founder and CEO of Clearly. ‘Back in the day, we held a physical clipboard and wrote down what was wrong with our fleet and how it could be managed. We then moved to the electronic age, putting data into a spreadsheet or an electronic form,’ she said. ‘That moved into the connected age, with a lot of connectivity, and we created dashboards or spreadsheets in the cloud. Now, we are in the intelligence era, and we are stuck,’ Walsh stated. She highlighted that on paper, a vehicle may appear to be in an acceptable condition. Yet, once maintenance, fuel, and finance data are combined, the story can change. Perhaps the vehicle needed servicing, not replacement, for example. ‘You can do three things when you connect your data. First, you can see what drives your cost. Is it across driver behaviour, the maintenance or the asset? Second, you know when to replace the asset, not when the lease says so. Instead, drive the decision by data. Third, make decisions on data, not policy,’ said Walsh. Ultimately, better fleet data should not just confirm prior assumptions but inform what decisions are made. Tactical fleet electrification After fleet managers discover the recommended outcomes, the next step is to act. However, when it comes to electrification, there are barriers to overcome in building confidence in these decisions. ‘The fleets responsible for ordering the vehicles have environmental, social and governance (ESG) targets, net-zero targets, or regulations asking them to electrify faster,’ outlined Alfred Richard, co-founder and CEO of Nelson. Alfred Richard, co-founder and CEO of Nelson ‘However, you have an operations manager slowing down the entire process because they are afraid of the productivity loss. How do you convince managers at the head office level and site level?’ he questioned. The solution may be connected fleet software. With more transparency and openness, the gap between aspirational fleet managers and hesitant site teams could be bridged. Before making decisions, Richard argued that fleets need to simulate real-world scenarios using a digital twin. Driver profiles, charging needs and route patterns all matter. ‘Simulation is a powerful thing. When you know what is happening, when you can control your current usage, you may anticipate what comes next. Thanks to all the existing data layers, you can build a digital twin of your fleet and simulate scenarios,’ he said. This can also help avoid oversimplified fleet strategies. Richard warned that when talking about the transition to electric LCVs, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. ‘You can run scenarios on the digital twin and see what the priority is. The goal is to know your fleet’s EV suitability at a global scale, but also have information driver by driver. It is not about electrifying everyone. It is about electrifying the suitable drivers,’ he said. Connected fleets are moving into a more active and autonomous phase. Fleet managers still want control, but less clutter. Accessing actionable insights coming from one unified source will be key. Those who can achieve this will have a distinct advantage over others.
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The Automotive Update: EU reveals Industrial Accelerator Act proposal

What can be expected from the much-anticipated Industrial Accelerator Act (IAA)? Plus, an exclusive report from the Commercial Fleets Summit. Tom Geggus, Autovista24 editor, presents the Automotive Update podcast. This episode takes a look at the recently unveiled IAA and what it could mean for the European automotive industry. Also, Autovista24 journalist Tom Hooker dials in from the Commercial Fleets Summit, hosted in Brussels. Subscribe to the Autovista24 podcast and listen to previous episodes on Spotify, Apple and Amazon Music. EU reveals the Industrial Accelerator Act The European Commission has proposed the long-anticipated Industrial Accelerator Act. Central to the legislation is the enhancement of localised EU industrial competitiveness and promotion of low-carbon production methods. The IAA aims to increase local value creation and strengthen the region’s industrial base. This comes amid perceived unfair global competition and dependencies on non-EU suppliers. The act will look to boost manufacturing's share of EU GDP to 20% by 2035. However, the IAA also outlines that the EU should remain open to outside investment. A Q&A published by the European Commission highlighted that low-carbon requirements will be created for steel and aluminium used by the automotive industry. ‘Made in the EU’ standards will also apply to aluminium. Provisions will also apply to electric vehicles and their components. The proposal builds on previous EU legislation, further streamlining the deployment of clean technologies across numerous European industries. For the automotive sector, the proposal follows last year’s Automotive Package announcement. The IAA will be negotiated by the European Parliament, and the Council of the European Union, before its adoption.  Commercial Fleets Summit reveals The Commercial Fleets Summit is a two-day international event held in Brussels. It focuses on a wide range of key issues and trends impacting the global commercial vehicle sector. Several key themes have already emerged at this year’s event, centred specifically on light-commercial vehicles. These included environmental regulation, fleet electrification, plus the incorporation of connected vehicles and use of artificial intelligence (AI). In terms of electrification, discussions centred on issues surrounding charging infrastructure efficiency. ‘There is less talk about if fleets are going to electrify. Instead, it is more about how fast, and how they are actually going to achieve that,’ stated Autovista24 journalist Tom Hooker, from the event. ‘Charging infrastructure is being seen as both a bottleneck and an opportunity. You then obviously have the interaction with the electricity grid, and this is certainly emerging as a new consideration,’ he added. The event also touched upon the future for commercial fleets. Looking ahead, these could be further integrated with digital ecosystems, with brand loyalty becoming less of a factor. Instead, digital-led frameworks could become increasingly important when selecting vehicle type and brand. Additionally, technology and AI will play an increasingly crucial role. ‘I think one of the first AI use cases will be helping fleet operators to manage and reduce fuel costs,’ Hooker said. ‘This, in turn, is having a high return on investments in some other areas. One thing I think I will hear more about later, is route optimisation and energy efficiency gains.’
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What do fleets need to look out for in 2026?

What automotive trends have fleets navigated this year? What do these companies need to prepare for ahead of 2026? Tim Wellman, enterprise sales director at Autovista Group, answers these questions and more with Tom Geggus, editor of Autovista24. How have fleets been performing this year? What are their big takeaways from 2025? This year has been reasonably positive for fleet customers in general. Certainly, the post-pandemic supply shortages are well behind us, and new vehicle availability seems reasonable. I do see some movement in terms of who is taking market share in the fleet sector. We have seen some changes across selected fleet companies throughout 2025. But overall, the fleet sector seems a reasonably positive segment. Supply chains have been back in the news with the potential disruption of Nexperia chips, causing carmakers some alarm. Has it also concerned fleets? Fleet clients predominantly source their vehicles via OEMs. So, any manufacturer lead concerns will naturally impact fleet suppliers. Constriction on supply chains due to the Nexperia chip shortages will inevitably wash through to fleet operators. The COVID-19 pandemic was a huge lesson for the whole industry in terms of supply chains. How have fleets tried to prepare themselves for disruptions ahead? Post pandemic, we have seen significant valuation volatility, and the push and pull of supply and demand are playing their part. There certainly has been some stabilisation post pandemic, but not across all fuel types. There are still prominent spikes evident in our data when comparing battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), internal-combustion engines (ICEs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs). This typically varies by each European market. Fleet providers definitely have an appetite for data insights and intelligence around valuation movements. This is unsurprising given the overarching financial and regulatory frameworks mandating responsibility for the asset portfolios under their care. Fleets boosted by BEVs? Speaking of regulation, electrification has been a big deal for fleets. Do you think BEVs have provided them with positive results? What has the reality been of defleeting these models? The onward march to carbon net zero is critical, and fleets take up around 60% of new vehicle registrations across Europe. So, this is naturally going to be a BEV route to market for many consumers and businesses. Many all-electric registrations throughout Europe are driven by government grants, but also by advantageous breaks in company car taxation. This drives the adoption of cleaner, greener vehicles superbly well. However, there are some headwinds that interlace with all of this in terms of the used BEV market. While we see good numbers of all-electric registrations being driven to market by legislation, that does not exist for second-ownership. This is having a material impact on resale values that are under constant pressure. We have seen residual values (RVs) for BEVs impacted quite heavily this year, certainly in some European markets. Is there anything that fleets can do when it comes to observing those values? Every fleet operator needs to understand the month-to-month valuation movements in their asset portfolio. With the relevant insight and intelligence across those asset portfolios, fleet operators can make informed decisions on whether to extend the leasing agreements or look to remarket assets sooner. We are seeing an emerging trend among more fleet operators. They are now looking very closely at their remarketing efforts. Where it is evident, there is a disparity in resale values across European countries. It may be the case that a given tranche of vehicles may afford a better remarketing price in a neighbouring market. So, being acutely aware of valuation trends across borders, particularly throughout Europe, is really important. If you are seeing potential BEV losses in France, for instance, you may be able to mitigate some of those losses by remarketing in Germany or Spain. Attentive fleet managers are looking to those neighbouring markets to optimise their remarketing revenues and alleviate unplanned losses. New brand boom for fleets? Europe has seen the entrance of new brands over the last few years. Are these newcomers going to see a spike in fleet purchases given their affordability and advanced technology? Or are established brands going to hold firm? We know some of the Chinese brands coming to market are doing so very professionally, with some fantastic products. These products will naturally challenge some of the established, traditional OEMs. There are only so many consumers and businesses across Europe that are going to purchase cars. This means there will be fluidity in which brands these people gravitate towards. One thing that will always remain fundamental in the fleet, finance, and leasing sectors is the importance of both RVs and cost new prices. A strong brand with robust RVs is better positioned to compete across European markets, standing firm against other OEMs. Ultimately, list price and RVs are critical factors that drive competitiveness and long-term performance. One technology we have seen become increasingly prevalent is advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Are fleets demanding this kind of technology, or is it just an added cost? There is an important balance to consider here. As a responsible employer, there is a duty of care owed to company car drivers and vehicle owners. Providing a vehicle equipped with ADAS not only supports that duty of care but also demonstrates a commitment to protecting employees in the best way possible. While there may be additional costs associated with this, the value of safeguarding employees while they are on the road representing the business is significantly greater. Health and safety considerations within fleet management are central to this approach. Enhancing vehicle safety features remains a key component of responsible fleet operations. How can fleets prepare for 2026? What do you think are the biggest challenges for fleets in 2026, and what are the greatest opportunities for them? In terms of the biggest challenge, we are seeing a huge uptick in BEV fleet adoption. We have already discussed the value volatility of used BEVs. We have also got new battery technologies and competitive entrants coming to market. There will always be some downward pressure on older batteries being surpassed by newer technology. We will also see positive adoption of challenger entrants. The RVs of all-electric models will continue to come under pressure in the foreseeable future. With that in mind, this will certainly be one of the biggest challenges for fleet companies in 2026 and potentially for years to come. The biggest opportunity in these scenarios is being as agile as possible; Looking at new strategies for remarketing these BEVs and ensuring that any fluidity in those residual values is managed in the best way possible. I think fleet companies that are agile, reactive and keep a very close eye on what is going on in the market will fare best.
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How are the latest EV battery developments impacting automotive fleets?

From repair to solid-state advancements, electric vehicle (EV) batteries are a complex equation for fleets. How can these businesses better understand and work with the technology? Autovista24 journalist Tom Hooker assesses the latest battery advancements. The battery-electric vehicle (BEV) share has grown across Europe this year. In major new-car markets such as France, the fleet sector is a driving force behind electric registrations. Fleet-oriented incentives have helped encourage uptake, as in Germany. This shift makes it vital for those in the sector to understand the batteries powering their vehicles. In turn, they can make smarter purchasing decisions, optimise maintenance and retain the highest profit margins when defleeting. Cloud-based battery management Digital battery health certificates and data can provide clarity for both private consumers and fleets. It can also help increase transparency, streamline remarketing and maximise residual values. From February 2027, EV batteries sold in the EU must have a Battery Passport. The digital identity will be similar to a vehicle logbook, where battery charge cycles, energy efficiency and degradation trends must be included. How can fleets stay informed until then? One solution is a cloud-based battery management solution that supports the resale of EVs. ‘Together as leaders in mobility and technology, we have the unique opportunity, especially for EVs, to use remarketing and the right point of resell to make not only a transaction out of it but make it a data-driven business model,’ outlined Christiane Soppa, director of business development at Bosch, at Fleet Europe Days. Bosch conducted a pilot programme together with European mobility and car rental company Drivalia. This involved monitoring the data of approximately 100 vehicles between January and June 2025. ‘The heart of an EV is the battery. So, we took the heartbeat of the EV and put it online. The target was to take away the EV friction we have in remarketing. We looked at stress factors and anomalies based on very simple data,’ explained Soppa. Drivalia CEO Roberto Sportiello. From transaction to database There are three steps to the process. Once the EV is connected, data can be collected. Bosch was able to track battery temperature, voltage, charging behaviour and driver usage. This provided a real-time picture of the power-storage unit. Second, a cell-by-cell digital twin of the battery was created in the cloud. This combined AI machine learning with data taken from 150,000 vehicles tracked by Bosch worldwide to regularly review its algorithm. Third, the system detected anomalies and any battery issues. ‘The twin can completely monitor the battery. By spotting issues very early, you can redesign the right point of resell. We take the battery measurements, the state of health and anomalies before the decision point when you sell the car, not afterwards,’ she stated. ‘That is turning remarketing from a transaction to a database strategy. As a fleet manager or a leasing company, this is changing everything, because you suddenly get into the driver's seat,’ Soppa continued. Bosch was also able to produce a certificate at any time, revealing driving behaviour, anomalies, and charging history. ‘You could even use this data to discuss with your clients early, to change their behaviour. Decision making is not a best guess or dependent on lifetime and mileage anymore. It is based on data. What we see from all the pilots we did in the past years, in Bosch and all the data we have, sales can be boosted by up to 4% on average for resale,’ she commented. However, Soppa highlighted that this requires monitoring of the battery to optimise the point of resale. ‘This is a very important digital platform that will permit the company more in the future to retrieve and collect data from the fleet, and let the company adjust it as best as possible,’ highlighted Drivalia CEO Roberto Sportiello. Is battery repair the solution? While Bosch’s tool can be used to boost resales, another way to maximise profit margins within a fleet is to reduce maintenance costs. So, what options do fleet managers have in this instance? According to Gablini Automotive Group, the cost of repairing a battery pack is around 80% lower than replacing it. This makes battery repair more financially attractive while supporting circular economy goals. ‘To be sustainable, we cannot throw away a 10-year-old vehicle. We should keep it on the road. Because, if we throw it away, the environmentally friendly behaviour of EVs will not be there anymore,’ stated Daniel Pataki, general manager of Gablini Automotive Group, at Fleet Europe Days. Gablini Automotive Group general manager Daniel Pataki. ‘The question is if we can repair the battery packs in case of any failure, because OEMs are not interested in selling battery packs. They are interested in selling new vehicles,’ he said. Pataki explained how demand for battery repair is growing. As old EVs are getting cheaper, people are beginning to use them as an entrance point to the EV sector. However, he highlighted that an EV with a faulty battery has a resale value of close to zero. Repair constraints Pataki presented a diagram of a dismantled EV battery pack. He explained that if one cell has a lower voltage than the rest, this affects the entire battery’s performance. By replacing the module containing that cell, the EVs' range will improve. The battery management system and thermal management system can also be replaced. ‘If one sensor gets broken in a battery pack and you cannot repair it via the OEM, you should replace the battery pack due to the fault of a €10 sensor. This is not sustainable. You should be able to repair this,’ said Pataki. However, he explained that there are some constraints. There are still no standard criteria for technicians looking to repair high-voltage batteries. Pataki said that OEMs do invite technicians to their headquarters to get a certificate. ‘According to our experience of more than 12 years, 85% of faulty battery packs were economically repairable. That means only 15% of the battery packs coming to us needed to be replaced,’ he noted. Pataki pointed out that buying parts from the OEM will mean reduced margins compared with individual battery repair. For a 14-hour job, a profit margin of around 40% to 60% can be achieved Pataki calculated. He highlighted that the solution opens up profit potential within the after-sales process. ‘You will provide sustainability. You will gain customer satisfaction because all customers will come back to you for battery repair. We can reduce waste, we can extend the lifespan of vehicles, we can have high-margin jobs in the workshop, and we can make the customer happy,’ outlined Pataki. Battery market domination So, the fleet sector needs to be aware of current battery developments, such as real-time data analysis and battery repair. However, it is equally important to know what to expect in the future. Currently, the EV market is dominated by lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries. From January to August 2025, these two chemistries accounted for over 90% of the megawatt-hours installed across the global passenger car market, according to EV volumes data. However, the market’s composition could change over the next few years. Mix and match approach ‘What we see is quite a detailed chemistry layout. In the US, you have the nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) component that is mainly used by Tesla. While in Europe, you have NMC batteries. In China, you have the majority of vehicles or batteries that are LFP batteries,’ said Octavian Chelu, advisory director at Frost&Sullivan at Fleet Europe Days. ‘You might think the picture is quite clear. The US, Europe and China use a certain technology. It is not that easy. When we look towards the future, what we see happening mainly is the fact that carmakers are going to match certain batteries, technologies and chemistries depending on the type of vehicle and its use, he added.’ ‘Carmakers are going to try to mix and match from now on. This is something that is going to be keeping revenue from the remarketing business because it needs to juggle very well between different types of technologies, different battery markers, the degradation of those batteries and how much the residual value is going to be impacted by all of that,’ Chelu explained. ‘We have NMC and LFP; those are the main two technologies being used today. However, we also see a lot of heavy research and development, encouraged by all major governments worldwide, because they want to break dependencies,’ Chelu highlighted. ‘We are trying to find alternatives, so that our batteries and our vehicles are not going to be dependent on one source,’ The next battery technologies Chelu explained that sodium-ion batteries are the next technology being tested. In China, the first vehicles using this technology have already been seen. There are also solid-state batteries in development. However, he believes both chemistries will not completely wipe out LFP’s market share. ‘We are still going to be dependent on precious materials for quite a while. There are pluses and minuses with all these new technologies,’ he said. Chelu estimated that in the future, sodium-ion batteries are likely to be 30% to 50% cheaper than their LFP counterpart. They also perform extremely well in cold temperatures. This means vehicles using the chemistry can have better charging cycles. However, sodium-ion batteries have a lower energy density than LFP units. So, models using the chemistry instead of LFP on a like-for-like basis will have less range. Yet, this does mean the emerging technology is slightly safer, due to it being less reactive. Chelu noted the emerging technology could be well-suited to last-mile deliveries, but less so for long-range vehicles. Meanwhile, solid-state batteries are safer and more stable than LFP ones, with no flammable liquid electrolyte. Chelu also pointed to a higher energy density, enabling longer distances and faster charging. However, the new technology will be much more expensive to begin with. ‘Sodium-ion is the next to come in line, not to replace LFP batteries, but as a new technology. Solid-state batteries are not going to happen before 2028 and probably will be fully commercial by 2030,’ Chelu concluded.

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